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Bangna-Bangphli-Bangpakong Expressway, Thailand (BBBE) dubbed as the world’s longest elevated expressway bridge (about 55-kilometre) and also the widest (27.2 meters) carrying 6 lanes traffic 3 in each direction, was built along the median of highway 34 from Bangna to Chonburi. This expressway is part of the networks of expressway planned by the Expressway and Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand (ETA) to ease the flow of traffic in and around the metropolitan Bangkok. Specifically, this superhighway is meant to serve the Eastern Seaboard Area and the soon to be completed Bangkok Second International Airport.

Apart from this 55 kilometers main expressway, there is also an additional of 26 ramps or about 40 kilometers in length, two elevated mainline toll plazas with surveillance buildings, 11 platforms for toll surveillance, two police stations, and associated at-grade works. The total bridge deck area is 1,900,000 m2. All these were completed at a record time of only fifty-three months overall construction period by employing a state-ofthe- art design and construction technique known as the “Precast Segmental Technology of Bridge Construction”.

This turnkey project was undertaken by a joint venture company called JV-BBCD composed of Germany’s Bilfinger + Berger and Thailand’s Ch. Karnchang Public Company as the lead partners. These two companies havefor years been a part of Bangkok’s implementation of networks of elevated expressways, now to a record total length of expressways built in and around the city of 132 km or 3,598,000 square meters of deck area or 5,854 spans total including this project.

Alignment and Foundation Design was done by the Asian Engineering Consultants (AEC) and the Superstructure and Column Design was done by the inventor of the Segmental Technology of Bridge Construction, Jean Muller International (JMI). The design of selected parts was reviewed by ACECOMS, AIT.

Buddhi S. Sharma is CEO of CivilPark International (http://www.civilpark.com) and chief structural designer and top site supervisor on behalf of design consultants for more than 20 Buildings, Bridges and other structures projects. Independent advisor on planning, structural design, construction and seismic aspects. Main and co-speaker in over 50 trainings, workshops and seminars organized in several countries total over 300 hours of presentation.
More information and many resources on http://www.civilpark.com

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The American Civil War took place in 1861 to 1865 in the southern United States; also in eastern, central and southwestern regions. The outcome of this bloody civil battle was the defeat of the seceding CSA. The primary leaders in the War were the well known Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis. Both of these men were corageous leaders, and huge names of their time, as well as ours. Casualties of the war include:

Killed in Action: 110,100

Total dead Toll: 359,500

Wounded: 275,200

The war claimed more American lives than any other conflict in history, with approximately 560,000 total killed which at the time was a stagerring 1.78% of population and over 970,000 casualties which again is a staggering 3.09% of the population. Often times debated, the causes of the civil war, and even the name of the war itself, are still really left up in the air.

When Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860 seven states existed. These states were: South Carolina (December 20, 1860), Mississippi (January 9, 1861), Florida (January 10, 1861),
Alabama (January 11, 1861), Georgia (January 19, 1861), Louisiana (January 26, 1861), and Texas (February 1, 1861).

Lincoln was not even on the ballot in nine states in the South. Several Leaders from South Carolina had long been waiting for an event that might unite the South against the anti-slavery forces. As soon as the election returns were certain, a special South Carolina convention declared “that the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the ‘United States of America’ is hereby dissolved.” By February 1, 1861, six more Southern states had seceded. As a result on February 7, the seven states adopted a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America and established their capital at Montgomery, Alabama. On March 4, 1861, less than a month later, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President of the United States. He stated on this date that he had no intention to invade southern states, but would use force to maintain possession of federal property.

The South, especially South Carolina, ignored this plea by Lincoln, and as a result on April 12, the South fired upon the Federal troops there were stationed at Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The firing continued until the troops surrendered. This significant event is what many feel was the start of the American Civial War.

Feel free to reprint this article as long as you keep the article, this caption and author biography in tact with all hyperlinks.

Ryan Fyfe is the owner and operator of Civil Spot - http://www.civil-spot.com, which is the best site on the internet for all civil related information.

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